The Passing of the Emancipation Proclamation as the Result...

The Passing of the Emancipation Proclamation as the Result of Lincoln’s Desire to Undermine the Southern Economy Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation completed the most significant u-turn in American history. Months before, in the Crittendon Resolution, Lincoln had explicitly stated that Union forces would not target Southern plantations, and that the South would be welcomed back into the Union with or without the slave system. At this point, Lincoln regarded slavery as a potentially divisive issue and, as noted by the historians Johansson and Hofstatder, aimed to avoid anything that would associate him as being either for or against its abolition. However, by 1863, Northern forces had†¦show more content†¦The highly industrialised Northern economy was perfectly adapted to the extra demand, and was able to facilitate the production of all the equipment needed. Conversely, the Southern economy was sluggish in its attempts to update its primitive economy, and because of this remained reliant on the slave trade. Thus, in depriving the South of a big proportion of its work force, Lincoln was able to significantly reduce their production capabilities. More directly, the North benefited by being able to acquire the slaves for themselves. This had the advantage of increasing the number gap twice: the Northern soldiers occupying Southern plantations would be free to fight again, and the released blacks themselves could become Northern fighters. Thus, the Emancipation Proclamation was seen not only as a way of weakening the South, but of strengthening the North. In such a way, Lincoln was able to widen the disparity between North and South. From a popular perspective, slavery was seen as a symbol of Southern independence. Being otherwise incapacitated by the ongoing Civil War, the Confederate states’ only outlet was the desire to inflict some form of victory over the domineering North. The obliteration of the slave trade would end any hope of this moral-boosting ambition. With the 1864

Electronic medical records systems Free Essays

INTRODUCTION Scientific and social changes of the 21st century have brought a radical change in the Health care delivery system with excellent technological innovations. One such innovation is the Electronic Medical Record System. An electronic medical record (EMR) is a medical record in digital format. We will write a custom essay sample on Electronic medical records systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now The health care sector is accountable today with an alarming rise in medical litigations.This legal accountability of the health care system has given rise to a number of documents that have to be recorded ,preserved and made available to the patients on demand. The documentation includes, 1.Diagnosis and Treatment Report which very Health Care delivery center today provides to the patient on the details of the diagnosis of the disease with follow up instructions, the Medicine information and the allergy reactions that could follow; dietary restrictions, dos and don’ts, restrictions and exercises prescribed. They take an acknowledgement either from the patient or an authorized person after receiving the report. This documentation serves a key purpose in medical practice.2.The Health Record which is the proper documentation of records of all treatments and medications, as well as a record of a patient’s reactions and behavior. The health record is the written and legal evidence of treatment. This reflects only facts and not the judgment of the doctor. Careful and accurate documentation is vital for patient welfare and that of the doctor. Documentation includes, medication administered, treatments done with date time, factual, objective and complete data, with no blank spaces left in charting, on flow sheets or on check lists, calls made to health care team, client’s response, signature of the nurse in every entry and consent for treatment. A private hospital in Milan, Italy, has been asked to handover for police verification of the medical records of at least twenty one cases who had heart valve surgery, following complaints that the surgeon replaced heart valves even in patients who did not need them replaced.3. Informed Consent, which is a document, recorded before any terminally ill person receives his chemotherapy or an invasive procedure. The patient or his/her health attorney should give a well-documented informed consent before such procedures. Informed consent means that tests, treatments and medications have been explained to the person, as well as outcomes, possible complications and alternative procedures. Any medical hospital can be pushed into a center of a litigation storm after allegations without informed consent.4.Medical Billing and Insurance, which are part of the health care system in USA. Electronic medical record keeping facilitates access of patient data by physicians at any given location ,accurate   claims processing by insurance companies , building automated checks for drug and allergy interactions,clinical notes and laboratory reports.The term electronic medical record can be expanded to include systems which keep track of other relevant medical information. THE TECHNOLOGY Five levels of an Electronic HealthCare Record (EHCR) keeping can be classified as follows; 1.The Automated Medical Record ,which is a paper-based record with some computer-generated documents. 2.The Computerized Medical Record (CMR), which makes the documents of level 1 electronically available. 3.The Electronic Medical Record (EMR) which restructures and optimizes the documents of the previous levels ensuring inter-operability of all documentation systems. 4.The Electronic Patient Record (EPR) which is a patient-centered record with information from multiple institutions.5.The Electronic Health Record (EHR) adds general health-related information to the EPR that is not necessarily related to a disease. The development of standards for EMR interoperability is vital because of the fact that without interoperable EMRs, practicing physicians, pharmacies and health care institutions cannot share patient information, which is necessary for timely patient-centered care. There are many standards relating to specific operation of   EMRs in the USA and across the globe. These include â€Å"ASTM International continuity of care record † in which patient health summary is based upon XML; â€Å"ANS1 X12†,which is a set of protocols used for transmitting any data including billing information; â€Å"CEN†,which is the European Standard for EMR; â€Å"DICOM†,A popular standard in radiology record keeping and â€Å"HL7† which is commonly used in clinical document architecture applications. There are many software programs specially developed for electronic record keeping. This includes ‘Doctors partner’, an advanced Electronic Medical Records (EMR) System with Integrated Appointment Scheduling Billing, Prescription Writer, Transcription Module, Document Management and Workflow Management built to meet HIPAA standards. ‘Practice Partner Patient Records’ is an award winning electronic medical records (EMR) system, allowing practices to store and retrieve patient charts electronically. There are innumerable such branded medical record softwares available today (Ringold et.al.,2000) The American Medical Association and 13 other medical groups representing 500,000 physicians have signaled their intention to go electronic with the AMA formed Physicians’ â€Å"Electronic Health Record Coalition† to recommend affordable, standards-based technology to their constituents. President Bush has also promoted a nationwide computerized medical records system in a recent visit to a children’s hospital at Vanderbilt University. THE COST The National Academy of Sciences report states that the health care industry spent between $10 and $15 billion on information technology in 1996. RED medic Inc., a California based firm have introduced a cheap online medical record service with an annual membership of about $35. The company Web site will collect, store and access everything ever wanted by health-care professionals to know about a patient’s medications, allergies, immunizations, conditions, doctors, emergency contacts and insurance providers. The system will store and transmit more complex information such as advance directives, EKGs and other essential medical documents and diagnostic imaging techniques. This health information service is capable of delivering information to any doctor or hospital, anytime, within the United States. RISK ASSESSMENT Although the issue of the privacy of patient records has received due attention in the last two years with arguments that Electronic medical records presents new threats to the privacy of patient-identifiable medical records, The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 paved ways to protect the privacy of medical records Thus, any violation on these lines will be violation of the basic law. Under data protection legislation and the law in USA, the responsibilty for patient records in any form including films and tracings from diagnostic imaging procedures such as x-ray, CT, PET, MRI, ultrasound, etc.   lies always on the creator and custodian of the record, who is usually a health care practice or facility and   the patient owns the information within the record and has a right to view the originals, and to obtain copies under law. Thus, electronic medical record system is a technologically viable cost effective system that has to be utilized by the health care sector governed by legal and ethical principles. CONCLUSION EMRs can serve a great purpose by making the patient data available to any authorized physician   or   patient anywhere and anytime towards more transparent health care   when monitored effectively. REFERENCE Hallvard Là ¦rum, MD, Tom H. Karlsen, MD, and Arild Faxvaag, MD, PhD. â€Å"Effects of scanning and eliminating paper based medical records on hospital physician’s clinical work  Ã‚   practice†.. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 10: 588-595. 2003. Medical Board of California: Medical Records – Frequently Asked Questions. Ringold, JP Santell, and PJ Schneider. â€Å"ASHP national survey of pharmacy practice in acute care   settings: dispensing and administration–1999†. American Journal of Health-System   Pharmacy 57 (19): 1759-75. 2000. US Code of Federal Regulations, â€Å"of Individually Identifiable Health Information†   Title 45, Volume 1,October 1, 2005. How to cite Electronic medical records systems, Essay examples

Corynebacterium Diphtheriae Infections †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Corynebacterium Diphtheriae Infections. Answer: Introduction: Once upon a time, when the world was still dealing with other deadly pathogens, troubling humankind with respiratory tract related diseases, a new contender was preparing to steal the show with its antics management. I had the honour of causing one of the widely known infectious diseases, Diphtheria. May be it is not entirely necessary, but the opening credits of my story needs to be handed down to Edwin Klebs (Farfour et al., 2012). In the year 1883, he had made the effort of introducing me to the world as the causative organism for the disease Diphtheria, popularly known as the strangling angel of children (Byard, 2013). Now that was some fancy name. However, only limited imagination leads to some name like Corynebacterium diphtheriae. I cannot entirely blame them given that the word Diphther has Greek origin, which stands for membrane (Goldman and Green, 2014). I was isolated from the pseudo membrane in the pharynx, which was a resultant of the necrotic toxin that I am able to pro duce (Goldman and Green, 2014). Well, the family needs a mention here and therefore a rough outline has been drawn in figure 1 to typically portray my heredity. Before humanity wipes my name from the face of Earth, maybe it is time that I should present myself, tell my story in my own words, my glorified days of terror. My popularity was extremely short lived, thanks to Freidrich Loeffler (Doyle et al., 2017). Yes, this man decided to end my tyranny in the year 1884 by spilling my secrets in front of the whole world. He had discovered that I could be cultured only from the nasopharyngeal cavity (Burkovski, 2016). He was also responsible for revealing my secret potent weapon to the world, the diphtheria toxin. He had stated that the toxin was capable of causing damage to organs. I was too sure about myself; I knew I could terrorize the world a little longer. Then it was not very long when Emil von Behring, in the year 1890, brought my terror to a standstill when he landed up isolating the antitoxin against diphtheria from blood samples, collected from a horse infected with diphtheria (Gillespie, Bamford and Bamford, 2012). He was also responsible for developing the first vaccine in the year 1913 against the diphtheria toxin (Burkovski, 2014). My brothers in arms, Corynebacterium ulcerans and Coryneba cterium pseudotuberculosis, are also able to produce the diphtheria toxin (de Mattos et al., 2014). However, the process of infecting the host, which may consist of both human and animal, greatly differs from mine. I have been known to be a Gram-positive organism, and I am known to be aerobic in nature (Gillespie, 2014). I am non-motile and do not have a capsule, however, I am club shaped. Figure 2 somewhat depicts me in my true form, however, I beg to differ. I am more glorified in appearance that just a rod-shaped bacilli on a microscopic field. My cell wall consists of sugars such as arabinose, mannose and galactose. My favourite source of nutrition happens to be nicotinic and patothenic acids (Reardon-Robinson et al., 2015). Based on the biochemical properties that I possess, I can be described as gravis, mitis, intermedius and belfanti (Clinton et al., 2013). I am known to cause the disease diphtheria, an infectious disease, which is transmitted through respiratory droplets. I locally colonize the mucosa of several anatomical sites within the body of the host, they include, pharyngeal, laryngeal, umbilical, genital, nasal, cutaneous, conjunctival (Zasada, 2013). The pharynx and larynx are my favourite spots for manifestation and therefore on colonization management, necrotic membranes appear that are either grey, translucent or black in colour. The pseudomembrane that I form consists mainly of fibrin, inflammatory cells. The colonization also results in the enlargement of the lymph nodes, which restricts swallowing, and breathing by the host as the lumen of the larynx and pharynx narrows (Sangal et al., 2015). The size of the neck increases too. My potent weapon of destruction, the toxin is able to damage the fibres of the cardiac muscle resulting in the blockage of the heart (Peixoto et al., 2014). My toxin is even capable of demyelinating the nerves, paralysing the palate and the ocular muscles (Gillespie, Bamford and Bamford, 2012). My infamous toxin consists of two fragments, namely N-terminal fragment A and a fragment B (Cohen and Van Heyningen, 2012). The N-terminal fragment A is known as the catalytic domain and it is responsible in catalyzing the NAD+ dependent ADP- ribolysation of EF2. This spews trouble for the eukaryotic cells as the protein synthesis is inhibited (Sekura, 2012). On the other hand, fragment B consists of the transmembrane and receptor binding domains that are responsible f or helping me bind to the cell surface receptor and helps me in delivering the fragment A into the cytosol (Sekura, 2012). I like the extent of destruction I am able to cause. The extent of fatality the toxin can bring about, as little as 100-150 ng/kg of body weight rather makes me giddy. However, the penny had just dropped and I had soon realized my limitations. The life threatening effect of my toxin can be easily neutralized with an antitoxin. The swift application of the diphtheria antitoxin (DAT) along with a conjunct antibiotic therapy happens to cure the people (Both et al., 2014). Now that was some serious bad news for me. I must admit, it was a very difficult job to maintain the top spot in being a respiratory tract related disease-causing pathogen. With the combating solutions being devised by humanity, it was getting difficult to keep up. Efficient and methodical immunization programs have helped several developed countries to control me. However, nobody could save them from my wrath for very long. I have happened to make a grand entry in the scene by terrorizing the eastern European countries in my wake (Wagner et al., 2012). These countries are some of the most popular tourist destinations in the world. Due to the resultant collapse of the immunization programs, the risk of occurrence of diphtheria has increased in these parts. Now that is one bit of good news for me. As long as humanity does not devise improved DATs, I will keep coming back. After all, it is an expensive process and therefore it is not even available in adequate quantity for every individual. There are only very few places in the world that manufacture these drugs. Popularly known producers of DAT are Microgen (Moscow) and Vins Bioproducts (Hyderabad) (Zasada, 2015). I should be worried if the preclinical studies involving the Anti-diphtheria monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) become successful (Sevigny et al., 2013). PCR-based diagnostic methods can also prove to be a headache (Both et al., 2013). It will get difficult to pose as a health threat henceforth. The immunization program of DTP3 vaccination among infants as seen in the year 2016 has been shown in the figure 3. Funny, they only realized the emergency when they found the number of infected to rise. I was feeling important all over again. Over the years, several improved detection methods for the detection of the diphtheria toxin has been developed. Worrisome, thoroughly worrisome for me as one can see. Methods such as Immunochromatographic strip test (ICS), Cytotoxicity test, Matrix-assisted-laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass-spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) and Elek ouchterlony test management (Berger et al., 2014). Then I do not think I will be able to continue this for very long. Figure 4 seem to show the reduction in the reported cases of diphtheria over years stretching from 1980 to 2016. Human beings are snooping into my genetic makeup and are working towards the molecular basis that defines my pathogenicity (Both et al., 2015). If appropriate typing methods could be used then even the epidemics could also be predicted. Oh, how terribly it can spell disaster for me. MLST (Multi Locus Sequence Typing) has been able to avoid several limitations faced by previous researchers by analyzing the information related to the nucleotide within the selected housekeeping genes (Both et al., 2015). Then there are these groups of people, dedicated towards a pangenomics project, which might just help me, get a bigger place on the evolution map as a human pathogen (Trost et al., 2012). My days might just finally be over if humankind succeeds to establish it. The epidemiology and the pathogenesis of my non-t oxigenic strains have to be thoroughly studied though. Until then I do not wish to bid adieu and continue in living up to my reputation of being a hellion. References: Berger, A., Hogardt, M., Konrad, R. and Sing, A., 2014. Detection methods for laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria. InCorynebacterium diphtheriae and related toxigenic species(pp. 171-205). Springer Netherlands. Both, L., Banyard, A.C., van Dolleweerd, C., Wright, E., Ma, J.K.C. and Fooks, A.R., 2013. Monoclonal antibodies for prophylactic and therapeutic use against viral infections.Vaccine,31(12), pp.1553-1559. Both, L., Collins, S., de Zoysa, A., White, J., Mandal, S. and Efstratiou, A., 2015. Molecular and epidemiological review of toxigenic diphtheria infections in England between 2007 and 2013.Journal of clinical microbiology,53(2), pp.567-572. Both, L., White, J., Mandal, S. and Efstratiou, A., 2014. Access to diphtheria antitoxin for therapy and diagnostics.Euro Surveill,19(24), pp.2-2. Burkovski, A., 2014. Diphtheria and its etiological agents. InCorynebacterium diphtheriae and Related Toxigenic Species(pp. 1-14). Springer Netherlands. Burkovski, A., 2016.Corynebacterium diphtheriae and related toxigenic species. Springer. Byard, R.W., 2013. DiphtheriaThe strangling angelof children.Journal of forensic and legal medicine,20(2), pp.65-68. Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC). Diphtheria. https://www.cdc.gov/diphtheria/about/photos.html [Accessed on 29th Aug 2017] Clinton, L.K., Bankowski, M.J., Shimasaki, T., Sae-Ow, W., Whelen, A.C., O'Connor, N., Kim, W. and Young, R., 2013. Culture-negative prosthetic valve endocarditis with concomitant septicemia due to a nontoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae biotype Gravis isolate in a patient with multiple risk factors.Journal of clinical microbiology,51(11), pp.3900-3902. Cohen, P. and Van Heyningen, S. eds., 2012.Molecular action of toxins and viruses(Vol. 2). Elsevier. Collins, M.D. and Cummins, C.S., 1986. Genus Corynebacterium.Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology,2, pp.1266-1276. de Mattos Guaraldi, A.L., Hirata, J.R. and de Carvalho Azevedo, V.A., 2014. Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium ulcerans and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosisGeneral aspects. InCorynebacterium Diphtheriae and Related Toxigenic Species(pp. 15-37). Springer Netherlands. Doyle, C.J., Mazins, A., Graham, R.M., Fang, N.X., Smith, H.V. and Jennison, A.V., 2017. Sequence Analysis of Toxin GeneBearing Corynebacterium diphtheriae Strains, Australia.Emerging infectious diseases,23(1), p.105. Farfour, E., Badell, E., Zasada, A., Hotzel, H., Tomaso, H., Guillot, S. and Guiso, N., 2012. Characterization and comparison of invasive Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolates from France and Poland.Journal of clinical microbiology,50(1), pp.173-175. Gillespie, S., Bamford, K. and Bamford, K.B., 2012.Medical microbiology and infection at a glance. John Wiley Sons. Gillespie, S.H., 2014.Medical microbiology illustrated. Butterworth-Heinemann. Goldman, E. and Green, L.H. eds., 2015.Practical handbook of microbiology. CRC Press. Peixoto, R.S., Pereira, G.A., dos Santos, L.S., Rocha-de-Souza, C.M., Gomes, D.L.R., dos Santos, C.S., Werneck, L.M.C., de Oliveira, A.A.D.S., Hirata Jr, R., Nagao, P.E. and Mattos-Guaraldi, A.L., 2014. Invasion of endothelial cells and arthritogenic potential of endocarditis-associated Corynebacterium diphtheriae.Microbiology,160(3), pp.537-546. Reardon?Robinson, M.E., Osipiuk, J., Jooya, N., Chang, C., Joachimiak, A., Das, A. and Ton?That, H., 2015. A thiol?disulfide oxidoreductase of the Gram?positive pathogen Corynebacterium diphtheriae is essential for viability, pilus assembly, toxin production and virulence.Molecular microbiology,98(6), pp.1037-1050. Sekura, R. ed., 2012.Pertussis toxin. Elsevier. Sangal, V., Blom, J., Sutcliffe, I.C., von Hunolstein, C., Burkovski, A. and Hoskisson, P.A., 2015. Adherence and invasive properties of Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains correlates with the predicted membrane-associated and secreted proteome.BMC genomics,16(1), p.765. Sevigny, L.M., Booth, B.J., Rowley, K.J., Leav, B.A., Cheslock, P.S., Garrity, K.A., Sloan, S.E., Thomas, W., Babcock, G.J. and Wang, Y., 2013. Identification of a human monoclonal antibody to replace equine diphtheria antitoxin for treatment of diphtheria intoxication.Infection and immunity,81(11), pp.3992-4000. Trost, E., Blom, J., de Castro Soares, S., Huang, I.H., Al-Dilaimi, A., Schrder, J., Jaenicke, S., Dorella, F.A., Rocha, F.S., Miyoshi, A. and Azevedo, V., 2012. Pangenomic study of Corynebacterium diphtheriae that provides insights into the genomic diversity of pathogenic isolates from cases of classical diphtheria, endocarditis, and pneumonia.Journal of bacteriology,194(12), pp.3199-3215. Wagner, K.S., White, J.M., Lucenko, I., Mercer, D., Crowcroft, N.S., Neal, S., Efstratiou, A. and Diphtheria Surveillance Network, 2012. Diphtheria in the postepidemic period, Europe, 20002009.Emerging infectious diseases,18(2), p.217. World Health Organization (WHO). Immunization Surveillance, assessment and monitoring. https://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/burden/diphtheria/en/ [Accessed on 29th Aug 2017] Zasada, A.A., 2013. Nontoxigenic highly pathogenic clone of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Poland, 20042012.Emerging infectious diseases,19(11), p.1870. Zasada, A.A., 2015. Corynebacterium diphtheriae infections currently and in the past.Przegl Epidemiol,69, pp.439-444.

Relationship between Clients and Employees

The behavior of people is highly influenced by the kind of environment they are exposed to. Individuals do not behave in the same way because they stay in different environments. The environment includes the physical location and the type of people a person interacts with (Griffin, Moorehead, 2012). On the other hand, culture influences human behavior.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Relationship between Clients and Employees specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The way people behave can have great impact on the behavior of others. In order to enjoy working, employees should be able to fit in the culture of the working environment. A person has to adjust and be able to relate well with the other employees and clients. It is only through this that he or she will be socially accepted in that particular place. If the physical setting of an organization is favorable for the employees, they will desire to stay there lon ger and deliver the best of their abilities in the services they offer. Therefore, the physical setting of an organization should be designed in such a way that it encourages social interaction among and between the employees as well as the clients. Employees who get into contact with the clients must maintain good relationships with them to ensure they are maintained. They should behave in the best way possible to promote a positive impact on how the clients perceive them. The physical plan in an organization can also affect the behavior of people (Griffin, Moorehead, 2012). Crowded areas do not allow socialization because people are not free to move from one place to another. For this reason, many organizations create spaces where their employees can interact. They can have staff lounges, which employees relax during the free times they get over the course of the day. When two or more of the workers meet at that particular place, they share a lot and through that, they build a re lationship that changes their behavior. Others have recreational facilities where their employees can play to release tension. They even set aside days to hold sporting activities and this entirely works to the benefit of both the employees and the employer. The employees will reduce the stress that accumulates in the course of their duties and hence will be able to work more. That will lead to increased productivity thus making the organization increase its output and sales. The absence of such things makes the employees dull and may exhibit negative behaviors.Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Any organization has a hierarchal structure. In a big organization, not all the staff members are led by a single person. There must be sub groups within the staff led by different individuals. The leaders of these subgroups are answerable to the overall leader. The leaders have more power tha n their subjects do. The behavior of employees is also determined by the structure of an organization (Hellriegel Slocum, 2007). The workers know that at the end of the day, somebody will evaluate their performance. Many have a negative attitude towards their bosses especially when they are criticized for not carrying out their duties in the right way. This can create a feeling of hatred, which can result to more problems. Others work to the best of their abilities to ensure that they do not cross with those who head them. Nevertheless, some leaders may be too proud and cause a strained relationship among themselves and the employees. Sometimes an informal organization structure can exist. This mainly occurs when there is a great age difference between the employees (Hellriegel Slocum, 2007). The young ones will find themselves been commanded by the elder ones. The same case applies where the population of the employees is composed of people who have served the organization for di fferent lengths of times. Those with less experience can find themselves at the mercy of the more experienced. The administrator should work towards promoting a good relationship between and among the employees and the clients. He or she should not be biased in anyway, that is, all the employees should be treated equally according to their working levels. A free environment whereby the employees feel free to air their views should also be created. Any issues that they need addressed should follow the right protocol. This way, the administrator ensures that the people working there feel comfortable, something that promotes their productivity. The number of clients in any given organization can be determined by the behavior of the employees towards them. Creating a good relationship between these two groups of people can maintain the clients and even attract more (Hellriegel Slocum, 2007). Employees can only relate well with the clients if they first relate well with the administrato rs.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Relationship between Clients and Employees specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The way employees relate with their clients determines how the latter perceives them. If they do not have a positive attitude towards the administrators, the atmosphere in meetings will be tensed. This kind of relationship will kill the morale of the workers and that will eventually affect the production of the organization. Reference List Griffin, R. W., Moorehead, G. (2012). Organizational behavior: Managing people and organizations. Mason, OH: South-Western/Cengage Learning. Hellriegel, D., Slocum, J. W. (2007). Organizational behavior. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western. This report on Relationship between Clients and Employees was written and submitted by user Abrielle Anthony to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Convert Miles to Kilometers - Example Problem

How to Convert Miles to Kilometers Problem The method to convert miles to kilometers is demonstrated in this worked example problem. A mile (mi) is a unit of distance used in the United States, particularly for travel. The rest of the world uses kilometers (km). Miles To Kilometers Problem The distance between New York City, New York, and Los Angeles, California is 2445 miles. What is this distance in kilometers? Solution Start out with the conversion factor between miles and kilometers: 1 mile 1.609 km Set up the conversion so that the desired unit will be canceled out. In this case, we want kilometers to be the remaining unit.distance in km (distance in mi) x (1.609 km/1 mi)distance in km (2445) x (1.609 km/1 mi)distance in km 3934 km Answer The distance between New York City, New York, and Los Angeles, California is 3934 kilometers. Be sure to check your answer. When you convert from miles to kilometers, your answer in kilometers will be about one and a half times larger than the original value in miles. You dont need a calculator to see whether or not your answer makes sense. Just make sure its a larger value, but not so big that its twice the original number, Kilometer to Miles Conversion When you work the conversion the other way from kilometers to miles the answer in miles is a bit more than half the original value. A runner decides to run a 10k race. How many miles is it? To solve the problem, you can use the same conversion factor or you can use the conversion: 1 km 0.62 mi This is easier because the units cancel out (basically just multiply a distance in km times 0.62). distance in miles 10 km x 0.62 mi/km distance in miles 6.2 miles

Apple Value Chain Analysis

The process of transforming inputs into outputs compromises a number of primary and support activities† (Hill and Jones, 2001, p. 133). Each value is considered to be a source of competitive advantage. In the analysis, the company is being examined exclusively. SUPPORT ACTIVITIES Infrastructure Apple has an unprecedented cash position; in fact, the most cash held by any technological company (Schubarth C. , 2011). It has 97. 6 billion US dollar in cash (Schonfeld E. , 2012) and this allows the company to internally finance any development and expansion without cost of capital. Furthermore, Apple is working on reducing its greenhouse gas emissions that is used in production and transportation by redesigning its packaging relying on renewable energy (O’Reilly J. , 2009). Apple has a multi-functional structure that is flat to allow more flexibility (Apple Inc. 2012). As well as casual dress codes to allow effectiveness and to promote quick decision making and innovation. Human Resource Management Apple is following a lean management style and the philosophy of â€Å"having less is more†. Also Case Study will describe why Apple Inc. is a very successful company. That is Apply intentionally understaffing in order to be more productive and innovative (Sullivan, J. , 2011). Apple, also, has a selective hiring process to attract talented employees. Moreover, Apple offer a generous employee benefit program; as a result, pulling and retaining the industry leading those talented employees to promote the company (Masi B. 2009, p. 13). Technological Development Apple spend enormous amount of money on its Research and Development in order to push innovation further; thus stay ahead of competition. According to figures published in Apple’s 2012 annual report, RD expenditure hits 3. 4 billion US dollars which is nearly 40% increase than 2011 (Brodjanac D. , 2012). Apple as well protects its invention and innovation worldwide by filling patent. Procurement Since Apple is a member of the Electronic Industry Citizenship Coalition (EICC), it works to guarantee fair treatment for its workers. In addition, Apple developed an ecosystem of suppliers to benefits from its strong relationships by keeping them close (Masi B. , 2009, p. 13). By doing that, it enables Apple to obtain its products and services within limited timeframe (Apple Inc. , 2012). Apple, occasionally, evaluates its relationships and enhances its suppliers’ ecosystem if needed. Moreover, Apple introduced a Supplier Diversity Program which is mainly for supporting any potential suppliers. This facilitates the visibility of these suppliers and develops the future relationships (Apple Inc. , 2012) PRIMARY ACTIVITIES Inbound Logistics Apple has a partnership with OEM in order to reduce development time, production, material and manufacturing costs. However, Apple supervises the entire process to control its quality (Francisco T. , 2011). Operations Apple outsourced to various Chinese manufacturers in order to employ its economy of scale; as a result eliminate the burden of production management. Apple, also, cooperate with other companies including HP and Samsung (Sherman E. , 2012). Furthermore, Apple designs its products in-house to eliminate production cost (Masi B. 2009, p. 14). Outbound Logistics Apple’s products are being delivered directly to its retail stores around the world to minimize inventory cost. To trim down shipping costs, Apple’s designing team developed packagings that are slim and light yet productive (Apple, 2012). Marketing and Sales Television commercial, online ads and print advertisements campaigns have been successful in promoting the App le’s products and services. Apple has a branding strategy that is emotions’ focused, humorous and simplicity. The ads theme is about lifestyle; innovation, imagination and aspiration (Masi B. , 2009, p. 14). In addition, Apple has a secretive strategy concerning new products or services in order to create suspension and publicity. It, also, sells its products to schools and universities; thus creating an exposure for the product or the service (Inside CRM, 2009). Services Having a great customer experience is fundamental priority for any businesses. Apple is a great example of customer focused; it believes that customer loyalty is a great strength to the company. Apple Genius Bar is one of its main services where customers get the best face to face support (Apple, 2012). Moreover, customers are always welcome for free consultation concerning any issues. Apple, in addition, offer one year warranty and customers then have the choice to purchase an extension warranty (Masi B. , 2009, p. 13). ALL http://www. scribd. com/doc/24134877/Strategic-Analysis-of-Apple-Inc-Brian-Masi Procurement http://www. apple. com/procurement/ Technological http://www. decryptedtech. om/news/apple-increasing-their-investments-in-research-and-development. html HR http://www. ere. net/2011/09/12/talent-management-lessons-from-apple-a-case-study-of-the-worlds-most-valuable-firm-part-1-of-3/ Infra. http://www. bizjournals. com/sanjose/news/2011/07/21/apples-cash-pile-up-16-to-762b. html http://techcrunch. com/2012/01/24/apple-97-6-billion-cash/ http://www. inboundlogistics. com/cms/article/how-green-is-apple/ Marketing sales http://www. insidecrm. com/articles/crm-blog/1 1-effective-strategies-apple-uses-to-create-loyal-customers-53510/ Operation Apple Value Chain Analysis The process of transforming inputs into outputs compromises a number of primary and support activities† (Hill and Jones, 2001, p. 133). Each value is considered to be a source of competitive advantage. In the analysis, the company is being examined exclusively. SUPPORT ACTIVITIES Infrastructure Apple has an unprecedented cash position; in fact, the most cash held by any technological company (Schubarth C. , 2011). It has 97. 6 billion US dollar in cash (Schonfeld E. , 2012) and this allows the company to internally finance any development and expansion without cost of capital. Furthermore, Apple is working on reducing its greenhouse gas emissions that is used in production and transportation by redesigning its packaging relying on renewable energy (O’Reilly J. , 2009). Apple has a multi-functional structure that is flat to allow more flexibility (Apple Inc. 2012). As well as casual dress codes to allow effectiveness and to promote quick decision making and innovation. Human Resource Management Apple is following a lean management style and the philosophy of â€Å"having less is more†. Also Case Study will describe why Apple Inc. is a very successful company. That is Apply intentionally understaffing in order to be more productive and innovative (Sullivan, J. , 2011). Apple, also, has a selective hiring process to attract talented employees. Moreover, Apple offer a generous employee benefit program; as a result, pulling and retaining the industry leading those talented employees to promote the company (Masi B. 2009, p. 13). Technological Development Apple spend enormous amount of money on its Research and Development in order to push innovation further; thus stay ahead of competition. According to figures published in Apple’s 2012 annual report, RD expenditure hits 3. 4 billion US dollars which is nearly 40% increase than 2011 (Brodjanac D. , 2012). Apple as well protects its invention and innovation worldwide by filling patent. Procurement Since Apple is a member of the Electronic Industry Citizenship Coalition (EICC), it works to guarantee fair treatment for its workers. In addition, Apple developed an ecosystem of suppliers to benefits from its strong relationships by keeping them close (Masi B. , 2009, p. 13). By doing that, it enables Apple to obtain its products and services within limited timeframe (Apple Inc. , 2012). Apple, occasionally, evaluates its relationships and enhances its suppliers’ ecosystem if needed. Moreover, Apple introduced a Supplier Diversity Program which is mainly for supporting any potential suppliers. This facilitates the visibility of these suppliers and develops the future relationships (Apple Inc. , 2012) PRIMARY ACTIVITIES Inbound Logistics Apple has a partnership with OEM in order to reduce development time, production, material and manufacturing costs. However, Apple supervises the entire process to control its quality (Francisco T. , 2011). Operations Apple outsourced to various Chinese manufacturers in order to employ its economy of scale; as a result eliminate the burden of production management. Apple, also, cooperate with other companies including HP and Samsung (Sherman E. , 2012). Furthermore, Apple designs its products in-house to eliminate production cost (Masi B. 2009, p. 14). Outbound Logistics Apple’s products are being delivered directly to its retail stores around the world to minimize inventory cost. To trim down shipping costs, Apple’s designing team developed packagings that are slim and light yet productive (Apple, 2012). Marketing and Sales Television commercial, online ads and print advertisements campaigns have been successful in promoting the App le’s products and services. Apple has a branding strategy that is emotions’ focused, humorous and simplicity. The ads theme is about lifestyle; innovation, imagination and aspiration (Masi B. , 2009, p. 14). In addition, Apple has a secretive strategy concerning new products or services in order to create suspension and publicity. It, also, sells its products to schools and universities; thus creating an exposure for the product or the service (Inside CRM, 2009). Services Having a great customer experience is fundamental priority for any businesses. Apple is a great example of customer focused; it believes that customer loyalty is a great strength to the company. Apple Genius Bar is one of its main services where customers get the best face to face support (Apple, 2012). Moreover, customers are always welcome for free consultation concerning any issues. Apple, in addition, offer one year warranty and customers then have the choice to purchase an extension warranty (Masi B. , 2009, p. 13). ALL http://www. scribd. com/doc/24134877/Strategic-Analysis-of-Apple-Inc-Brian-Masi Procurement http://www. apple. com/procurement/ Technological http://www. decryptedtech. om/news/apple-increasing-their-investments-in-research-and-development. html HR http://www. ere. net/2011/09/12/talent-management-lessons-from-apple-a-case-study-of-the-worlds-most-valuable-firm-part-1-of-3/ Infra. http://www. bizjournals. com/sanjose/news/2011/07/21/apples-cash-pile-up-16-to-762b. html http://techcrunch. com/2012/01/24/apple-97-6-billion-cash/ http://www. inboundlogistics. com/cms/article/how-green-is-apple/ Marketing sales http://www. insidecrm. com/articles/crm-blog/1 1-effective-strategies-apple-uses-to-create-loyal-customers-53510/ Operation

Building Effective Networks Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 24

Building Effective Networks - Assignment Example The success stories of networks by the Japanese Keiretsus and Korean Chaebols, international cooperative agreements, regional and economic integration, new organizational forms and structures, international collaboration and uncommon associations. Findings: The findings of the study reveal that the various â€Å"forms and patterns of networks and their impact on societal and organizational functioning† have enhanced the role played by various networks in today’s world (Tung, 2002, p. 99). Practical Implications: The practical implications of the study point out that no world nations can escape itself from the spread and influence of global networks. Similarly, nations that fail to implement or be part of effective organizational and social networks are most likely to lag behind in terms of economic and organizational growth and development. Value to the Reader: The paper offers a number of useful insights to the reader. The reader gets a thorough understanding as to how organizational functioning and behavior are being influenced by global or international networks. Networks also act as effective means in determining organizational change. Globalization has facilitated collaboration between various networks and multinational organizations can benefit the most out of global patterns of networks. However, one should also be aware of the dark sides of networks as they have the potential cause destruction and disruptions. Similarly, the success of effective networks calls for the need to have effective global strategies and trans-national collaborations. Design/Methodology/Approach: The methodology for the study has consisted of interviews and surveys. The researchers â€Å"interviewed HR executives from over 30 companies and collected surveys from executives attending several sessions at the University of Michigan Senior Human Resource Executive Program† (Mendenhall, Black, Jensen, & Gregerson, 2003, p. 20).

Financial Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial Decision Making - Essay Example Therefore, it won't be an exaggeration to say that finance is the lifeblood of all enterprises. This is particularly so when economics are undergoing structural changes and economic reforms are in the making to introduce greater elements of competitive forces. In a competitive environment managers are faced with a challenge to compete for resources and to find a better utilization of such resources. Finance is a specialized subject in itself but it draws heavily on other related functions like marketing, production, personnel, purchase etc. Drury (2004, p.5) states "Management accounting is concerned with the provision of information to people within the organization to help them make better decisions and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of existing operations" (Lev, 2001) stated that existing financial accounting standards sharply distinguish between physical and intangible assets. While physical assets (e.g., property, plant, and equipment) are valued on the balance sheet at the price paid to obtain them, less accumulated depreciation, intangible "assets" are expensed as incurred. Accounting is therefore considered an integral part of the knowledge management within an organization. ... What mix of equity and debt to use How much financial risk to take Making a calculated financial decision makes a big difference between a prosperous and growing business and a liability. The prime function of a management executive in a business organization is decision-making and forward planning. Decision making means the process of selecting one action from two or more alternative courses of action whereas forward planning involves means establishing plans for the future. The question of choice arises because resources such as capital, land, labor and management are limited and can be employed in alternative uses. The manager is thus supposed to analyze the past data, current information and the estimates about future predicted as best as possible. This application of economic theory to business management is known as managerial economics. This is micro-economic in character as the unit of study is the company. The following aspects are said to be generally under the ambit of managerial economics; Demand analysis and forecasting Cost and production analysis Pricing decisions, policies and practices Profit management Capital management. Often a distinction is made between management accounting and financial accounting. Management accounting measures and reports financial and non-financial information that helps managers make decisions to fulfill the goals of the organization. Its focus is on internal reporting. On the other hand financial accounting is considered to have a focus on reporting to external parties. It measures and records business transactions and provides financial statements that are based on the 'Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)'. Therefore managers are responsible for the financial statements

The New World Essay Example for Free

The New World Essay The New World that Columbus discovered was populated with well over 10 million Indians, which populated North America from the North to present-day Mexico.   The amount of Indian tribes themselves were numerous, and it is still unknown exactly how many Indians and their various tribes populated the areas in which the Europeans arrived. Some groups of Native Americans were considered to be hunter-gatherers, while most were evidenced to practice aquaculture, and most often, agriculture.   However, most often, the Native Americans used a mix of hunting, gathering, and farming.    In addition, the Indian’s culture and the way they organize their lives was very different than that of the Europeans.   For example, almost all of the Indian tribes had some form of a chief.   Some even had states, impressive architecture, and extremely organized cities. As stated above, the most obvious way that the Native American communities were organized was by the crops that they produced.   Maize and squash were perhaps the easiest to grow.   They were also grown throughout America, not just in one small region.   Potatoes, cotton, and tobacco were also grown.   In the plains area, a large group of native peoples would hunt their primary source of food-buffalo. In addition to the Indians that Columbus encountered, the land was completely unspoiled.   The Indians only hunted and used from nature what they absolutely needed, unlike the Europeans.   The biggest difference between the Europeans and the Native Americans was that the Europeans simply used up the nature in whatever way they saw fit, while the Native Americans only used, and respected, what they needed.

Nostradamous :: History

Nostradamous Once, while passing through Italy, Nostradamus bowed before a young Franciscan monk, addressing him as "His Holiness." Others around him did not understand his strange behavior and the reasons as to why someone would call a mere monk by such a title. However, years later, and after Nostradamus' death, that monk became Pope Sixtus V. This was just one of the hundreds of prophecies, or visions of the future, that the fifteenth-century prophet made during his lifetime. Nostradamus, born in the year of 1503 in France, spent his childhood under the guidance of his two grandfathers. After going to the University of Montpelier for three years, he received a bachelor's degree in the study of medicine. Around this time, there was an outbreak of the plague in various parts of France, and he quickly earned a good reputation with the use of his medicine. However, Nostradamus' "medicines" were not ordinary, as they consisted of psychological guidance and homemade formulas. Using these methods, he cured many victims of the plague who were previously labeled incurable. He later went back to Montpelier to earn his doctoral degree in medicine. Although Nostradamus was very interested in medicine, he began reading books about the occult and took a fancy to predicting the future. In 1550, he published his first book which contained prophecies for the coming year. The almanac proved so successful and accurate that he began publishing them annually. After several years, Nostradamus developed the idea of writing a complete almanac, entitled Centuries. This book came to consist of prophecies ranging in time from his present to the end of the world. In Centuries there were one thousand quatrains, or verses of four lines each. One which was particularly amazing was this: A Captain of great Germany, Shall come to yield himself by stimulating help, To the Kings of Kings with the help of Hungary, So that his revolt shall cause great bloodshed. This quatrain has been interpreted, in modern day, to mean that Hitler shall involve Hungary in a great battle with much killing. Many believe that it is simply luck that Nostradamus had in predicting the future because his prophecies are generalized and not exact. However, one of his writings contained the man "Hister" who was to be very powerful in a revolt. This obviously bears much resemble to Hitler, and if this is true, Nostradamus clearly predicted someone that was not to be born until more than three

Configuring and Managing the DHCP Server Role Essay

Question 1 What is the name of the computer you are working from? W2K8xx Question 2 What is the default lease duration of a Wired subnet type? 6 days Question 3 What are three recommendations listed in Server Manager for managing the DHCP Server role? Increase fault tolerance Eliminate manual updates Allow remote Administraition Question 4 What is the name of the computer you are working fro W2K8yy Question 5 What IP addressing settings are currently configured? 10.10.1.101 Question 6 Is the computer currently configured for DHCP? How can you tell? No, it is stated in the cmd Question 7 What is the IP address of the DHCP server from which W2K8yy has obtained its IP address? 000.000.000.000 Question 8 If the answer to #7 was not the IP address of the W2K8xx computer, why might this have happened? It is not enabled Question 9 What nodes appear underneath the DHCP scope that you created in Exercise 3-1? Address pool address leases Question 10 What appears in the IP address text box? 192.168.11.1 Question 11 What value is configured in the DNS Servers: line? 172.16.2.3 172.16.4.5 Question 12 What value is configured in the DNS Servers: line? 172.16.2.3 172.16.4.5 Question 13 What is the default location for DHCP server backups? DHCP > backups Question 14 What IP address is configured on the W2K8yy computer? 172.16.227.55 Question 15 What appears in the IP address text box? 172.16.227.55 preferred Question 16 From which DHCP server are you receiving an IP address? From corexx computer Lab REview Questions Completion time 15 minutes 1.In your own words, describe what you learned by completing this lab. 2. You have installed the DHCP Server service on a computer running Windows Server 2008. You configure and activate a 10.0.0.0/24 scope; however, clients still are receiving a 169.254.x.x IP address. What should you do? 3. Configure the ip address so both are in the same format 3.You have configured a DHCP scope with an address range of 192.168.0.1 through 192.168.0.254. You have several servers and printers that use the IP address range of 192.168.0.1 through 192.168.0.20. With the least amount of administrative effort, how can you prevent duplicate IP addressing? Log which IP addresses go to what so that you dont assign the same one twice 4.You currently are using a DHCP server on your network. It assigns a default gateway scope option to clients. You use a router with a different IP address to replace a router on your network. The new router allows clients to connect to the Internet; however, clients cannot connect to the Internet using the new router. What should you do? That makes no sense you just told me the new router allows clients to connect to the internet

Rubber, Rise of an Essential Commodity

Rubber, Rise of an Essential Commodity Origin and exploration or rubber Many times we do not give any thought to rubber with consideration to its origin. It is evident that rubber originates from a variety of plants. Moreover, high-yield plants are found in native Latin America and the most outstanding ones are Castolloa and Hevea. It is worth knowing that, in the pre-Columbian America, people used rubber for different artifacts like shoes, balls and water proofing. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Rubber, Rise of an Essential Commodity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This, however, had not been evident anywhere else until after Columbus industrial revolution. Rubber was introduced in Europe in 1492 and used for the manufacture of erasers and balls. Furthermore, there were controversies that it melted in the sun, it also had a bad smell and became brittle in cold temperatures. Nevertheless, it was used for industrial and domestic applications, with Cha rles Goodyear inventing vulcanization in 1839. The products that were produced from rubber include generators, electrical motors and tires. It is evident that there were contradictions involving rubber as related to its exploitation. As it was considered to be high-tech and crude. The trees were cut with machetes and latex dripped in cups after which they were transferred to industries in North America and Europe industries. Britain experienced a mushroom growth of manufacturing industry. Hardships in rubber exploration Among the first products of rubber in Britain were firestone, Goodyear, BF Goodrich and general tire. Additionally, Poverty and calamities like hunger and death resulted on the course of rubber exploitation. At these early years plantations only flourished in Africa, Asia and Oceania. As a result, Henry Wickham imported hevea seeds via Kew gardens in 1876. The Putumayo valley in Brazil had vast numbers of Castilloa trees; however, there were few trappers something that made importation of Chinese and Japanese an option that never happened. In 2007, anthropologists discovered the lost tribe in Peruvian rainforest this included the Huitotos. Liberian conquest of America after 1492 resulted in slavery, genocide and dispossession. The Portuguese started Atlantic slave trade, whereas the entire Hispaniola population died 50 years after Columbus. Walt Hardenburg crossed the Andes in the late 1970 after working on the Panama Canal. Furthermore, he travelled to London to confront the PACO board about the horrors slaves were undergoing.Advertising Looking for report on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is evident from the literature that rubber has come a long way from its discovery, exploitation and use at present. Furthermore, slaves seem to have played a vital role in this process. Rubber was mainly grown in Latin America, Asia and Africa. Thus, the colonialists exploited these resources and developed the current brands of rubber.

Financial Distress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Distress - Essay Example The inevitable natures of factors which interplay and caused this financial turmoil on a global scale make business decisions difficult especially in areas of retrenchment. For a university which had been in operation for 164 years since its foundation in 1845, Cornell University is not exempt from the global financial crunch. As such, strategies and efforts are being evaluated to assess the possibility of retrenchment to ensure the very survival of the organization. It is in this regard that this essay is written to explain the circumstances of the financial distress and to outline an action plan where the principles of retrenchment would be implemented in order to restore equilibrium. In the year end statement written by the president of Cornell University, David J. Skorton on July 1, 2009, he identified the following effects of the global financial crisis in Cornell University, to wit: (1) a looming budget shortfall in one of its major colleges, Ithaca; (2) a 27% reduction in endowment (â€Å"reducing base budgets across the university; drawing down uncommitted fund balances; reducing endowment spending by 15 percent; implementing a construction pause, during which we reconsidered a number of proposed new projects, and decided not to pursue over $662 million in incremental capital expenditures; implementing an external hiring pause, which preserved opportunities for current Cornell employees who lost their jobs; and responsibly reducing our workforce†) and (3) a reduction in the cost of university administration in order to focus precious resources on core activities of teaching, learning, discovery, scholarship and outreach, among others. (Cornell Univer sity, University Statements, 2009) The university applies the following principles of retrenchment: (1) Selective Retrenchment Efforts where the university will use curtailment or reduction of selective activities, functions or

Teaching assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Teaching assignment - Essay Example The plans are devised to improve the working skills of the students in linguistics. Many African mothers carry, or nestle, their babies on their backs. This custom has advantages for both mother and child. A working woman, who has nobody to look after the baby, knows he is safe on her back, while her hands are free for her work. Meanwhile, the baby stays in close contact with his mother and feels warm and safe. This sense of security may be suddenly broken, however, when the child can no longer be carried, he may be put down and expected to behave like a grown up child. But as he has been over-protected for so long through nestling that he now feels very insecure and may behave like a baby. Children need freedom and the chance to use their limbs. They need to be able to observe and explore their environment. They also need to learn how to make and do things on their own. Therefore, even when mothers must carry their babies everywhere, they should try to set them free whenever possible. a. Look at the picture. What do you think it is about? Which part of the world do you think this woman is from? All right, you now know that the woman is from Africa and she is carrying a baby on her back. You know a bit about the picture. By presenting the above-mentioned lesson plan I have observed the following learning outcome in the working skills of the student with respect to English language. The student was able to understand the meaning of nestling. He was able to generate a discussion on how babies are cared in villages and cities. He was able to do the following: The student was in need of audio visual aid that he or she must be provided with some sort of audio visual aid. The lesson plan was presented in a good style which enhanced the abilities of the student but not at a mature level. He or she was in need of more hard work. In the subject plan the student was provided with the